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非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:不可單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ),不受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制,在句子中可以用作其他句子成分。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有三種:不定式,動(dòng)名詞,分詞。

 

動(dòng)詞不定式

一、 不定式的形式            to 的不定式     to work  

二、動(dòng)詞不定式有兩種形式:  

② 不帶to 的不定式    work   

三、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)變化

 

 

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

一般式

to write

to be written

進(jìn)行式

to be writing

 

完成式

to have written

to have been written

 

四、不定式在句子可做的成分: 主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

1、不定式做主語(yǔ):謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)

to stop the work now seems impossible.不可能的

   it 來(lái)做形式主語(yǔ),把動(dòng)詞不定式放到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。

   it seems impossible to stop the work now.

   形式主語(yǔ)幾種常見(jiàn)的用法:

it +be+adj+to do (be涵蓋的各個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)如:iswashas beenhad beenwill bewould be)

   it’s easy容易的 to learn學(xué)習(xí) a foreign language.外國(guó)語(yǔ)言

   it’s so good / nice to talk to ---談話you.

     it + be + n. + to do

it’s our duty 責(zé)任to obey服從the law.法律

it’s a good habit習(xí)慣 to eat slowly.慢慢地

 it+ 動(dòng)詞(賓語(yǔ))+ to do.

   it cost花費(fèi) a lot of很多 money to build 建筑this museum.博物館

   it amused使發(fā)笑 me to hear these jokes.笑話

it takes / took / will take +sb + some time / money to do sth

   it took us a long time to mend修補(bǔ)修理 the house.

   it took me exactly 正好a week to complete完成 the work.

it be + adj + for sb + to do

                        邏輯主語(yǔ)

   it’s easy for me to operate 操作the machine.機(jī)器

不定式做表語(yǔ):在系動(dòng)詞be 及半系動(dòng)詞(seemappearlookbecome等)之后,系動(dòng)詞多翻譯為“是”。不定式充當(dāng)表語(yǔ),用于描述主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征等

   the duties 責(zé)任of a postman 郵遞員are to deliver投遞 letters and newspaper.報(bào)紙

    the important thing is to save挽救 lives.

比較: be to do 另一種用法,表示計(jì)劃打算做某事。

    we are to meet twice a month.

    he’s to blame. 責(zé)備

     不定式和主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系,不定式的動(dòng)作是主語(yǔ)能夠發(fā)出的動(dòng)作

     句中表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),則是將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。

    she is to be married next month,

    the expedition探險(xiǎn)隊(duì) is to start in a week’s time.

代表詞:attempt企圖、agree同意、aim打算、ask要求、begin開(kāi)始、continue繼續(xù)、decide決定、demand要求、determine決定、expect期望、forget忘記、hate憎恨、hope希望、learn學(xué)會(huì)、like喜歡、love愛(ài)、manage設(shè)法、mean想要、offer愿意、plan計(jì)劃、pretend假裝、promise許諾、refuse拒絕、remember記得regret后悔、stop停止、try試圖、want想要、wish希望等

    she started to clean 打掃the kitchen.廚房

    they agreed to settle 解決the dispute爭(zhēng)論 by peaceful means.和平的方式

如果不定式做賓語(yǔ),而且賓語(yǔ)后又有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),要用it 作形式賓語(yǔ),不定式放到補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后。

    she found it difficult to answer the question.

    he feels it his duty to help others.

不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ):(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))   主語(yǔ) + v.動(dòng)詞 + sb + to do

                                                邏輯 主語(yǔ)

    she encouraged 鼓勵(lì)me to try again.

    please remind 提醒me to post郵寄 this letter.

有些動(dòng)詞后接不帶 to 的不定式,也就是動(dòng)詞原形。

    i heard her lock the door

    did you see anyone enter 進(jìn)入the house.

    he made me move移動(dòng) the car.

   變被結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),不定式 + to.

she was heard to lock the door.

定語(yǔ)時(shí)用來(lái)修飾名詞的,放在所修飾名詞的后面。如:reason原因、chance機(jī)會(huì)、opportunity機(jī)會(huì)、way方法、need需要、effort努力、wish希望、right權(quán)利、decision決定、determination決定、ability能力、agreement同意等和帶不定式的動(dòng)詞同源的一些名詞都可以用不定式做定語(yǔ)。

    i haven’t had a chance to think 思考yet.

    his efforts to get her back were vain(白費(fèi)的).

    i have a right to know.

    there’s no reason to doubt懷疑 his words.

序數(shù)詞如the firstsecond以及lastonlybest也常用于不定式作定語(yǔ)。

    it’s my first time 第一次to go to america.美國(guó)

如果不定式里的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,后面應(yīng)加上介詞。

    i need a pen to write with.

    give me some paper to write on.

    there are some things to be grateful for.    (be grateful for---    對(duì)---心存感激)

不定式做狀語(yǔ):表示目的、結(jié)果、原因。

表目的:we slept together to keep warm.暖和

   表結(jié)果:he left , never to return.返回

   表原因:we jumped with joy高興 to hear it.

be + adj + to do

   she was eager渴望的 to see her friends.

   he was quick 迅速的to offer 提出his counter-proposal (反對(duì)建議).

   也可以和 in order ( 為了---目的) , so as (以便為了) 連用表示強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)。

   i’ll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.

注:不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)  not to do // not do.

可以和 so / such---as to (如此---以至于) enough to ---(足以--- too---to (--以至于不能)

   the ice is not thick enough to bear 支持the weight of a tank.坦克

   the tea is too hot to drink.

有些不定式可以用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子。

   to be honest, 老實(shí)說(shuō),i just don’t like him.

   to tell you the truth , 說(shuō)時(shí)候,告訴真相i’ve never met him.

   to be frank, 坦率地說(shuō)you’re a bad driver.司機(jī)

不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ):賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):

v  +  sb   to do sth

        需要一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分使得賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)、行為、特征表達(dá)的更為完整和詳細(xì)

   she encouraged me to try again.

   please remind me to post this letter

for + n.() + to do

      是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)

   for a child to do that job is just inconceivable(不可思議).

   it’s just inconceivable for a child to do that job.

it be + adj+ of +名詞(或代詞)+ to do

   it’s very good of you to come.

⑵作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):也就是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)也就變成主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞不定式都帶“to.

   he was seen to enter the hall.大廳

   the room was found to be empty.空的

補(bǔ)充不定式可以和疑問(wèn)詞(如:whowhatwhichwhenwherehow)連用。

   when to start什么時(shí)間開(kāi)始 has not been decided.決定

   i don’t know what to do.做什么