Part ⅠListening Comprehension (40 min)
In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your Coloured Answer Sheet.
SECTION A TALK
Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section .At the end of the talk you w ill be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk.
1. According to the passage, during the 18th and 19th centuries cities we are small in size mainly because ___.
A. the urban population was stable
B. few people lived in cities
C. transport was backward
D. it was originally planned
2. Cities survived in those days largely as a result of ___.
A. the trade activities they undertook
B. the agricultural activities in the nearby areas
C. their relatively small size
D. the non-economic roles they played
3. City dwellers were engaged in all the following economic activities EX CEPT ___.
A. commerce
B. distribution
C. processing
D. transportation
4. Urban people left cities for the following reasons EXCEPT ___.
A. more economic opportunities
B. a freer social and political environment
C. more educational opportunities
D. a more relaxed religious environment
5. Why did the early cities fail to grow as quickly as expected through out the 18th century?
A. Because the countryside attracted more people.
B. Because cities did not increase in number.
C. Because the functions of the cities changed.
D. Because the number of city people was stable.
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Questions 6 to 10 are based on an interview .At the end of the interview you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.
6. According to Janet, the factor that would most affect negotiations is ___.
A. English language proficiency
B. different cultural practices
C. different negotiation tasks
D. the international Americanized style
7. Janet’s attitude towards the Americanized style as a model for business negotiations is ___.
A. supportive
B. negative
C. ambiguous
D. cautious
8. Which of the following can NOT be seen as a difference between Brazilian and American negotiators?
A. Americans prepare more points before negotiations.
B. Americans are more straightforward during negotiations.
C. Brazilians prefer more eye contact during negotiations.
D. Brazilians seek more background information.
9. Which group of people seems to be the most straightforward?
A. The British.
B. Germans.
C. Americans.
D. Not mentioned.
10. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Japanese negotiators?
A. Reserved.
B. Prejudiced.
C. Polite.
D. Prudent.
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Question 11 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item,you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question. Now listen tothe news.
11. The news item is mainly about ___.
A. a call for research papers to be read at the conference
B. an international conference on traditional Tibetan medicine
C. the number of participants at the conference and their nationalities
D. the preparations made by the sponsors for the international Conference
Questions 12 and 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item , you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.
12. The news item mainly concerns ___ in Hong Kong.
A. Internet centres
B. an IBM seminar
C. e-government
D. broadcasting
13. The aims of the three policy objectives include all the following EXCEPT ___.
A. improvement of government efficiency
B. promotion of e-commerce
C. integration of service delivery
D. formulation of Digital21 Strategy
Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following news .At the end of the news item , you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.
14. Which of the following records was the second best time of the year by Donovan Bailey?
A.9.98.
B.9.80.
C.9.91.
D.9.95.
15. The record shows that Bailey was ___.
A. still suffering from an injury
B. getting back
in shape
C. unable to compete with Greene
D. less confident than before
PART ⅡPROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION ［15 min
The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it.
There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling （orthography）. One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt "naturally" and uncon- sciously, and orthography is learnt deliberately and （1）______
consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain
throughout our lives quite unconscious with what （2）______
our speech sounds like when we speak out, and （3）______
it often comes as a shock when we firstly hear a （4）______
recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recog-
nize at once, whereas our own handwriting is some-
thing which we almost always know. We begin the （5）______
"natural" learning of pronunciation long before we
start learning to read or write, and in our early years
we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing （6）______
the pronunciation of those around us for many more
hours per every day than we ever have to spend （7）______
learning even our difficult English spelling. This is （8）______
"natural", therefore, that our speech-sounds should
be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we
have seen, speech operates as a means of holding
a community and to give a sense of "belonging". We （9）______
learn quite early to recognize a "stranger", someone
who speaks with an accent of a different comm-
unity - perhaps only a few miles far. （10）______
改錯
When∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an it never／ buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt‘naturally’ and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1.___deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our 2.___speech sounds likewhen we speak out, and it often comes as a 3.___shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a 4.___voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We begin the 5.___‘natural’ learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously 6.___ imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend 7.___ learning even our difficult English spelling. This is ‘natural’, 8.___therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a community and giving a sense of 9.___'belonging'. We learn quite early to recognize a ‘stranger’,someone who speaks with an accent of a different community-perhaps only a few miles far. 10.___
PART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSION ［40 min］
SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION ［30min］
In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your COLOURED ANSWER SHEET.
TEXT A
Do you ever feel as though you spend all your time in meetings?
Henry Mintzberg, in his book The Nature of Managerial Work, found that in large organizations managers spent 22 per cent of their time at their desk, 6 per cent on the telephone, 3 per cent on other activities, but a whopping 69 per cent in meetings. There is a widely-held but mistaken belief that meetings are for "solving problems" and "making decisions". For a start, the number of people attending a meeting tends to be inversely proportional to their collective ability to reach conclusions and make decisions. And these are the least important elements. Instead hours are devoted to side issues, playing elaborate games with one another. It seems, therefore, that meetings serve some purpose other than just making decisions. All meetings have one thing in common: role-playing. The most formal role is that of chairman. He sets the agenda, and a good chairman will keep the meeting running on time and to the point. Sadly, the other, informal, role-players are often able to gain the upper hand. Chief is the "constant talker", who just loves to hear his or her own voice. Then there are the "can t do" types who want to maintain the status quo. Since they have often been in the organization for a long time, they frequently quote historical experience as an excuse to block change: "It won t work, we tried that last year and it was a disaster." A more subtle version of the "can't do" type, the "yes, but ……", has emerged recently. They have learnt about the need to sound positive, but they still can t bear to have things change. Another whole sub-set of characters are people who love meetings and want them to continue until 5∶30 pm or beyond. Irrelevant issues are their speciality. They need to call or attend meetings, either to avoid work, or to justify their lack of performance, or simply because they do not have enough to do. Then there are the "counter-dependents", those who usually disagree with everything that is said, particularly if it comes from the chairman or through consensus from the group. These people need to fight authority in whatever form. Meetings can also provide attenders with a sense of identification of their status and power. In this case, managers arrange meetings as a means of communicating to others the boundaries of their exclusive club: who is "in", and who is not. Because so many meetings end in confusion and without a decision, another game is played at the end of meetings, called reaching a false consensus. Since it is important for the chairman to appear successful in problem solving and making a decision, the group reaches a false consensus. Everyone is happy, having spent their time productively. The reality is that the decision is so ambiguous that it is never acted upon, or, if it is, there is continuing conflict, for which another meeting is necessary. In the end, meetings provide the opportunity for social intercourse, to engage in battle in front of our bosses, to avoid unpleasant or unsatisfying work to highlight our social status and identity. They are, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological sideshow. Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating, if not preventing, change.
16. On role-playing, the passage seems to indicate that chairman ______.
〔A〕talks as much as participants
〔B〕is usually a "constant talker"
〔C〕prefers to take the role of an observer
〔D〕is frequently outshone by participants
17. Which of the following is NOT a distinct characteristic of the three types of participants?
〔A〕Submissiveness.
〔B〕Stubbornness.
〔C〕Disobedience.
〔D〕Lack of focus.
18. The passage suggests that a false consensus was reached at the end of a meeting in order to ______.
〔A〕make room for another meeting
〔B〕bring an illusory sense of achievement
〔C〕highlight the importance of a meeting
〔D〕go ahead with the agreed programme
TEXT B
Cooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travellers scratching their heads over what s going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travellers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion, there's no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each of the two mega-groupings, Oneworld and Star Alliance, promoting itself as the best choice for all travellers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans. By the end of the year, Oneworld and Star Alliance will between them control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits predict that figure will be more like 75% in 10 years.
But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Let's just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the region-wide economic downturn that began two years ago-just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground （rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew）and code-sharing-the practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircraft.
So alliances are terrific for airlines-but are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP（frequent flyer programme）benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there's the promise of "seamless" travel: the ability to, say, travel from Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janeiro, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacific's director of sales and marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. "It's fair to say that these links are only in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We're working on this." Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for consumers: "Global travellers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries." Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards.
Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programmes. Jeff Blyskal, associate editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. "I don't see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far as seamless travel goes, I'll believe it when I see it. Most airlines can't even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline."
Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets.
The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveller you are.
Those who've already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to benefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if you re a Marco Polo Club "gold" member of Cathay Pacific s Asia Miles FFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of Oneworld, of which Cathay Pacific is a member-even if you've never flown with them before.
For those who haven t made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belong to United Airline s Mileage Plus and generally fly less than 25, 000 miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance member-All Nippon Airways and Thai Airways.
If you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway. The only real benefit infrequent flyers can draw from an alliance is an inexpensive round-the-world fare.
The bottom line: for all the marketing hype, alliances aren't all things to all people-but everybody can get some benefit out of them.
19. Which is the best word to describe air travellers reaction to airline alliances?
〔A〕Delight.
〔B〕Indifference.
〔C〕Objection.
〔D〕Puzzlement.
20. According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit ______.
〔A〕North American airlines and their domestic travellers
〔B〕North American airlines and their foreign counterparts
〔C〕Asian airlines and their foreign travellers
〔D〕Asian airlines and their domestic travellers
21. Which of the following is NOT a perceived advantage of alliances?
〔A〕Baggage allowance.
〔B〕Passenger comfort.
〔C〕Convenience.
〔D〕Quality.
22. One disadvantage of alliances foreseen by the critics is that air travel may be more expensive as a result of ______.
〔A〕less convenience
〔B〕higher operation costs
〔C〕less competition
〔D〕more joint marketing
23. According to the passage, which of the following categories of travellers will gain most from airline alliances?
〔A〕Travellers who fly frequently economy class.
〔B〕Travellers who fly frequently business class.
〔C〕Travellers who fly occasionally during holidays.
〔D〕Travellers who fly economy class once in a while.
TEXT C
It is nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world, especially in business circles. This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on.
Partly, it s that American hegemony. Didier Benchimol, CEO of a French e-commerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans. He and other French businessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors, possessors of the world s deepest pockets.
The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something more enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically, Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of reasons, they've decided upon English as their common tongue.
So when German chemical and pharmaceutical company Hoechst merged with French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vaguely Latinate Aventis as the new company name- and settled on English as the company's common language. When monetary policymakers from around Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euroland, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year.
How did this happen? One school attributes English s great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It s a Germanic language, brought to Britain around the fifth century A.D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1066, the language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shed while few of the complications of French were added. The result is a language with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents. What's more, English has remained ungoverned and open to change-foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts-in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academic Francaise, had not.
So it's a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economics as to the language's ability to economically express the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition-first Latin, then French, then, briefly, German-faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of, respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and London the world's most important financial centre, which made English a key language for business. England s colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the U.S. rose to the status of the world's preeminent political economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn.
In the 1990s more and more Europeans found themselves forced to use English. The last generation of business and government leaders who hadn't studied English in school was leaving the stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done. Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are beginning to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then the Internet came along.
The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the U.S., so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web, Europeans who had previously encountered English only in school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily.
None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans （including the British and Irish）speak English well enough to carry on a conversation. That's a lot more than those who can speak German （32%）or French （28%）, but it still means more Europeans don't speak the language. If you want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the U.S. and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets-CNN broadcasts in Spanish; the Financial Times has recently launched a daily German-language edition.
But just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students, 69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15 to 24. In the secondary schools of the European Union's non-English-speaking countries, 91% of students study English, all of which means that the transition to English as the language of European business hasn't been all that traumatic, and it s only going to get easier in the future.
24. In the author s opinion, what really underlies the rising status of English in France and Europe is ______.
〔A〕American dominance in the Internet software business
〔B〕a practical need for effective communication among Europeans
〔C〕Europeans eagerness to do business with American businessmen
〔D〕the recent trend for foreign companies to merge with each other
25. Europeans began to favour English for all the following reasons EXCEPT its ______.
〔A〕inherent linguistic properties
〔B〕association with the business world
〔C〕links with the United States
〔D〕disassociation from political changes
26. Which of the following statements forecasts the continuous rise of English in the future?
〔A〕About half of Western Europeans are now proficient in English.
〔B〕U.S. and British media companies are operating in Western Europe.
〔C〕Most secondary school students in Europe study English.
〔D〕Most Europeans continue to use their own language.
27. The passage mainly examines the factors related to ______.
〔A〕the rising status of English in Europe
〔B〕English learning in non-English-speaking E.U. nations
〔C〕the preference for English by European businessmen
〔D〕the switch from French to English in the European Commission
TEXT D
As humankind moves into the third millennium, it can rightfully claim to have broken new ground in its age-old quest to master the environment. The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientific discoveries are translated into technological applications attest to the triumph of human endeavour.
At the same time, however, some of these applications threaten to unleash forces over which we have no control. In other words, the new technology Man now believes allows him to dominate this wider cosmos could well be a Frankenstein monster waiting to turn on its master.
This is an entirely new situation that promises to change many of the perceptions governing life on the planet. The most acute challenges facing the future are likely to be not only those pitting man against his fellow man, but those involving humankind's struggle to preserve the environment and ensure the sustainability of life on earth.
A conflict waged to ensure the survival of the human species is bound to bring humans closer together. Technological progress has thus proved to be a double-edged sword, giving rise to a new form of conflict: a clash between Man and Nature.
The new conflict is more dangerous than the traditional one between man and his fellow man, where the protagonists at least shared a common language. But when it comes to the reactions of the ecosystems to the onslaught of modern technology, there is no common language.
Nature reacts with weather disturbances, with storms and earthquakes, with mutant viruses and bacteria-that is, with phenomena having no apparent cause and effect relationship with the modern technology that supposedly triggers them.
As technology becomes ever more potent and Nature reacts ever more violently, there is an urgent need to rethink how best to deal with the growing contradictions between Man and Nature.
For a start, the planet, and hence all its inhabitants, must be perceived as an integral whole, not as a dichotomous mass divided geographically into the rich and developed and the poor and underdeveloped.
Today, globalization encompasses the whole world and deals with it as an integral unit. It is no longer possible to say that conflict has shifted from its traditional east-west axis to a north-south axis. The real divide today is between summit and base, between the higher echelons of the international political structure and its grassroots level, between government and NGOs, between state and civil society, between public and private enterprise.
The mesh structure is particularly obvious on the Internet. While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favouring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case. Indeed, it could eventually overcome the disparities between the privileged and the underdeveloped.
On the other hand, the macro-world in which we live is exposed to distortions because of the unpredictable side-effects of a micro-world we do not and cannot totally control.
This raises the need for a global system of checks and balances, for mandatory rules and constraints in our dealings with Nature, in short, for a new type of veto designed to manage what is increasingly becoming a main contradiction of our time: the one between technology and ecology.
A new type of international machinery must be set in place to cope with the new challenges. We need a new look at the harnessing of scientific discoveries, to maximize their positive effects for the promotion of humanity as a whole and to minimize their negative effects. We need an authority with veto powers to forbid practices conducive to decreasing the ozone hole, the propagation of AIDS, global warming, desertification-an authority that will tackle such global problems.
There should be no discontinuity in the global machinery responsible for world order. The UN in its present form may fall far short of what is required of it, and it may be undemocratic and detrimental to most citizens in the world, but its absence would be worse. And so we have to hold on to the international organization even as we push forward for its complete restructuring.
Our best hope would be that the functions of the present United Nations are gradually taken over by the new machinery of veto power representing genuine democratic globalization.
28. The mention of Man s victory over Nature at the beginning of the passage is to highlight ______.
〔A〕a new form of conflict
〔B〕Man s creative powers
〔C〕the role of modern technology
〔D〕Man s ground-breaking work
29. According to the passage, which is NOT a responsibility of the proposed international authority?
〔A〕Monitoring effects of scientific discoveries.
〔B〕Dealing with worldwide environmental issues.
〔C〕Vetoing human attempts to conquer Nature.
〔D〕Authorizing efforts to improve human health.
30. When commenting on the present role of the UN, the author expresses his ______.
〔A〕dissatisfaction
〔B〕disillusionment
〔C〕objection
〔D〕doubt
SECTION B SKIMMING & SCANNING ［10 min］
In this section there are seven passages with ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your COLOURED ANSWER SHEET.
TEXT E
First read the following question.
31. What is the most appropriate topic of the following passage?
〔A〕Strikes.
〔B〕Pensions.
〔C〕Retirement Ages.
〔D〕Government decisions.
Now go through TEXT E quickly and answer the question.
In addition to the national social security system, 17 special pension schemes are among the social advantages that government employees are not prepared to give up.
Under the national scheme, retirement is at the age of 65, whereas the special schemes offer retirement at 55 or even 50.
Most of the pension schemes are in the red and have to be topped up by the state. The total state contribution in 1994 was F125 billion （$ 25 billion）.
The prime minister says he wants to keep the special schemes. There are three solutions for keeping them afloat: lengthening the contribution period, increasing contributions, or reducing the pensions paid out. The government chose the first solution in the plan that it announced on November 15. Private sector employees were required in 1993 to contribute for 40 instead of 37.5 years, in order to qualify for a full pension. State employees could still retire after 37.5 years service provided they had reached the age limit.
The prime minister's announcement touched off strikes on the railways, Paris's transport services and government departments. Facing increasing opposition to this proposal, the prime minister said on December 5 that working more years would no longer be a condition for reforming the special pension schemes.
A government commission that will examine pensions will, however, be free to propose changes in the retirement age in certain professions. But it will take into consideration the hardships involved in the work and the constraints of working hours.
At the moment, the minimum retirement age is 60-as in the private sector before 1983-for 65 percent of public service employees. It is 55, or even 50, for 35 per cent of employees considered to be doing work "involving special risks or exceptional fatigue".
Primary school teachers can retire at 55, but the limit for new, better qualified recruits is 60. Postal workers at sorting offices can retire at 55. The retiring age for police officers is 50, prison officers 50, nurses 55, and railwaymen 50 and 55 for others. The 30, 000 employees of the Paris Metro have an average retirement age of 53.
Two-thirds of the "active" employees and those working in conditions that can damage health in the public gas and electric utility retire at 55. Retirement age for notary s clerks is 55 for women, and 60 for men. For miners, retirement is at 55.
Comparing the national pension scheme and the special schemes is not easy, because state employees receive bonuses-some of them substantial-which are not included in calculating their contributions or their pensions.
TEXT F
First read the following question.
32. In the following passage the author intends to ______.
〔A〕explain how the Gulf Stream is formed
〔B〕compare global warming with global cooling
〔C〕explain the composition of the sea currents
〔D〕deliver a warning of a coming ice age
Now go through TEXT F quickly and answer the question.
It seems obvious that trapping more of the sun's heat will make the planet hotter. But what seems obvious isn't always true. According to some respected scientists, there is a chance that global warming could plunge us into, of all things, an ice age.
The argument hinges on the Gulf Stream, the ocean current that brings warm surface water north and east and heats Europe. As it travels, some of the water evaporates; what's left is saltier and thus denser. Eventually the dense surface water sinks to the sea bottom, where it flows back southward. And then, near the equator, warm, fresh water from tropical rivers and rain dilutes the salt once again, allowing the water to rise to the surface, warm up and begin flowing north again.
But with global warming, melting ice from Greenland and the Arctic Ocean could pump fresh water into the North Atlantic; so could the increased rainfall be predicted for northern latitudes in a warmer world. Result: the Gulf Stream's water wouldn't get saltier after all and wouldn't sink so easily. Without adequate re-supply, the southerly underwater current would stop, and the Gulf Stream would in turn be shut off.
If that happens, Europe will get very cold. Rome is, after all, at the same latitude as Chicago, and Paris is about as far north as North Dakota. More snow will fall, and the bright snow cover will reflect more of the sun's energy back into space, making life even chillier. Beyond that, the Gulf Stream is tied into other ocean currents, and shutting it down could rearrange things in a way that would cause less overall evaporation.
Worst of all, the experts believe, such changes could come on with astonishing speed-perhaps within a decade or less. And while we might have a great deal of trouble adjusting to a climate that gets 2℃warmer over the next century, an ice age by mid-century would be unimaginably devastating. The lingering uncertainty about whether our relentless production of greenhouse gases will keep heating our planet or ultimately cool it suggests that we should make a better effort to leave the earth's thermostat alone. TEXT G
First read the following question.
33. What is the main theme of the following passage?
〔A〕Strengths of paper books over E-books.
〔B〕Projected extinction of paper books.
〔C〕Market prospects of E-books.
〔D〕The history of paper books.
Now go through TEXT G quickly and answer the question.
Experts predict that the printed paper and glue book will be rendered obsolete by electronic text delivery systems, of which one, the Microsoft Reader, is already on the market, offering "book" on a pocket PC manufactured by Hewlett-Packard. This is not impossible; already much of the written communication that used to be handled by letters, newspapers and magazines has shifted to computer screens and to the vast digital library available over the Internet. If the worst comes true and the paper book joins the papyrus scroll and parchment codex in extinction, we will miss, I predict, a number of things about it.
The book as furniture. Shelved rows of books warm and brighten the starkest room. By bedside and easy chair, books promise a cozy, swift and silent release from this world into another. For ease of access and speed of storage, books are tough to beat.
The book as sensual pleasure. Smaller than a breadbox, bigger than a TV remote, the average book fits into the human hand with a seductive nestling, a kiss of texture, whether of cover cloth, glazed jacket or flexible paperback. The weight can rest on the little finger of the right hand for hours without strain, while the thumb holds the pages open and the fingers of the other hand turn them.
The rectangular block of type, a product of five and a half centuries of printers lore, yields to decipherment so gently that one is scarcely aware of the difference between immersing oneself in an imaginary world and scanning the furniture of one's own room.
The book as souvenir. One's collection comes to symbolize the contents of one s mind. Books read in childhood, in yearning adolescence, at college and in the first self-conscious years of adulthood travel along, often, with readers as they move from house to house. My mother's college texts sat untouched in a corner of our country bookcase.
The bulk of my own college books are still with me, rarely consulted but always there, reminders of moments, of stages, in a pilgrimage. The decades since add their own drifts and strata of volumes read or half read or intended to be read. Books preserve, daintily, the redolence of their first reading-this beach, that apartment, that summer afternoon, this flight to Indonesia.
Books as ballast. As movers and the moved both know, books are heavy freight, the weight of refrigerators and sofas broken up into cardboard boxes. They make us think twice about changing addresses. How many aging couples have decided to stay put because they can t imagine what to do with the books? How many divorces have been forestalled by love of the jointly acquired library?
Books hold our beams down. They act as counterweight to our fickle and flighty natures. In comparison, any electronic text delivery device would lack substance. Further, speaking of obsolescence, it would be outdated in a year and within 15 years as inoperable as my formerly treasured Wang word processor from the mid-80's. Electronic equals immaterial. Without books, we might melt into the airwaves, and be just another set of blips.
TEXT H
First read the following question.
34. The passage intends primarily to ______ in some Asian cities.
〔A〕explain how porters work
〔B〕introduce top-end eateries
〔C〕provide advice on tipping
〔D〕describe how taxis are metered
Now go through TEXT H quickly and answer the question.
It's difficult to determine what constitutes an appropriate tip in any country. In Japan, if you leave a couple of coins on the table, the waiter is liable to chase after you to return your forgotten change. In New York, on the other hand, if you leave less than 15%, your reservation might not hold up next time. Asia, with its multiplicity of cultures and customs, is a particularly difficult terrain. To make your next trip a little easier, here s a guide to tipping across the region:
HONG KONG
Tipping is de rigreur in this money-mad metropolis at all but the lowest establishments. Even bathrooms in posh hotels have little dishes for loose change.
Restaurants: Most places automatically add a 10% service charge to the bill, but the surcharge often ends up in the pocket of the owner, not the staff kitty. If the service is good, add another 10% to the bill, up to HK $ 100 if you've in an especially nice restaurant.
Porters: HK $ 10 should do it at all but the nicest hotels where a crisp HK $ 20 bill may be more acceptable.
Taxis: Round up to the nearest dollar, although many drivers will do this on their own when making change.
MANILA
Tipping is common in Manila, and anything above 10% will gain you undying loyalty.
Restaurants: Even if a service charge is included, custom dictates adding another 5%～10% to the bill.
Porters: Service in top hotels is good and should be rewarded with 20 pesos per bag.
Taxis: Most cabs are metered, and rounding up to the next five pesos is a good rule of thumb.
SEOUL
Tipping is not part of Korean culture, although it has become a matter of course in international hotels where a 10% service charge is often added.
Restaurants: If you re at a Korean barbecue joint, there s no need to add anything extra. But a sleek Italian restaurant may require a 10% contribution.
Porters: If you re at a top-end hotel, international standards apply, so expect to give 500～1, 000 won per bag.
Taxis: Drivers don t expect a tip, so unless you re feeling remarkably generous, keep the change for yourself.
SINGAPORE
According to government mandate in the Lion City, tipping is a no-no. It's basically outlawed at Changi Airport and officials encourage tourists not to add to the 10% service charge that many high-end hotels add on to the bill.
Porters: Hotel staff are the one exception to the no-tipping rule. As a general guide, S $ 1 should be adequate for baggage-lugging service.
Taxis: Drivers don t expect tipping, but they won t refuse if you want to round up the fare to the next Singaporean dollar.
TEXT I
First read the following questions.
35. If you want to see a performance by the Beijing Peking Opera Theatre, which phone number would you ring?
〔A〕6841-9283.
〔B〕6848-5462.
〔C〕6301-6688.
〔D〕6523-3320.
36. Supposing you have some free time after 7 pm on July 1st, which performance or exhibition can you go to?
〔A〕Traditional Chinese music.
〔B〕Chinese modern operas.
〔C〕Peking Opera.
〔D〕Lao Dao s recent paintings.
Now go through TEXT I quickly and answer the questions.
WHAT'S ON
CONCERTS
New concert hall: The movie theatre of the National Library of China has been turned into a concert hall after months of renovation.
The Guotu Concert Hall will open to the public for the first time on June 30. After the opening ceremony, the China National Song and Dance Theatre will present highlights of Chinese modern operas from the past 50 years.
Programme: excerpts from Chinese modern operas including "The White-haired Girl", "Red Rocks" and more.
Time: 7∶30 pm, June 30
Place: Guotu Concert Hall at the National Library of China
Tel: 6841-9283
Chinese music: The Traditional Band of China National Song and Dance Theatre will perform traditional Chinese music, under Liu Wenjin, composer and director of the theatre.
Programme: "Butterfly Lovers", "Moonlight Reflected on Number Two Spring", "The Night is Deep" and other traditional pieces.
Time: 7∶30 pm, July 1～2
Place: Guotu Concert Hall at the National Library of China
Tel: 6848-5462
EXHIBITIONS
One-man show: Lao Dao is presenting his most recent paintings at the Wanfung Gallery.
Titled "Spanning the Space", the exhibition features about 30 works created from synthetic materials. The paintings are composed of mottled ancient doors with faded couplets pasted on them, leading the viewers into ancient stories hidden behind the door.
Time: 9 am～5 pm until July 1st
Place: 136 Nanchizi Dajie, Dongcheng District
Tel: 6523-3320
Charm of ink: The Huangshicheng Gallery is hosting a solo show of ink-and-colour paintings by veteran calligrapher and painter Qin Tang. More than just visually appealing, Qin's work impresses the viewer with its vividness and simplicity.
Time: 9 am～5 pm until July 5th
Place: Nanchizi Dajie, Dongcheng District
Tel: 6528-9103
STAGE
Peking Opera: The Liyuan Theatre presents traditional Peking Opera excerpts in short programmes for foreign audiences and in original styles. With an explanation in English, the performances are from the Beijing Opera Theatre.
Time: 7∶30 pm July 3～5
Place: Liyuan Theatre, Qianmen Jianguo Hotel, Xuanwu District
Tel: 6301-6688
TEXT J
First read the following questions.
37. Who's the author of Culture/Metaculture ?
〔A〕Linda Anderson.
〔B〕Peter Childs.
〔C〕Adam Roberts.
〔D〕Francis Mulhern.
38. Which of the following books draws on case studies?
〔A〕Modernism .
〔B〕Science Fiction .
〔C〕Autobiography .
〔D〕Culture/Metaculture .
Now go through TEXT J quickly and answer the questions.
Autobiography
Linda Anderson, University of Newcastle, UK
This wide-ranging introduction to the study of autobiography offers a historical overview of autobiographical writing from St Augustine to the present day. Linda Anderson follows the important developments in autobiographical criticism in the last thirty years, paying particular attention to psychoanalytic, post-structuralist and feminist approaches. This volume:
outlines the main theoretical issues and concepts of this difficult area
looks at the different forms from confessions to narratives to memoirs to diaries
considers the major writers of this historical tradition.
Culture/Metaculture
Francis Mulhern, Middlesex University, UK
Culture/Metaculture is a stimulating introduction to the meanings of "culture" in contemporary Western society. This essential survey examines:
culture as an antidote to "mass" modernity, in the work of Thomas Mann, Julien Benda, Karl Mannheim and F. R. Leavis
post-war theories of "popular" culture and the rise of Cultural Studies, paying particular attention to the key figures of Raymond Williams and Stuart Hall
theories of "metaculture", or the ways in which culture, however defined, speaks of itself.
Modernism
Peter Childs, Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education, UK
With its battle cry of "Make it New", the modernist movement shook the foundations of the late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century literary establishment. Modernism offers an outstanding analysis of this literary and cultural revolution. Peter Childs immensely readable account:
details the origins of the modernist movement and the influence of thinkers such as Darwin, Marx, Freud, Nietzsche, Saussure and Einstein
explores the radical changes which occurred in the literature, drama, art and film of the period
traces "modernism at work" in the writing of Joyce, Woolf, Mansfield, Forster, Yeats, Ford, Eliot, Beckett and other key literary figures.
Science Fiction
Adam Roberts, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK
Science Fiction is one of the most vigorous and exciting areas of modern culture, ranging from ground-breaking novels of ideas to blockbusters on the cinema screen. This outstanding volume offers a clear and critically engaged account of the phenomenon. Adam Roberts:
provides a concise history of science fiction and the ways in which the genre has been defined
examines the interactions between science fiction and science fact
anchors each chapter with a case study drawn from short story, book or film, from Frank Herbert's Dune to Barry Sonnenfeld's Men in Black .
TEXT K
First read the following questions.
39. What are "Cookies" in the following passage?
〔A〕Computer data.
〔B〕Shopping habits.
〔C〕Websites.
〔D〕Passwords.
40. How many pieces of advice are offered by the author to protect online shoppers privacy?
〔A〕1.
〔B〕2.
〔C〕3.
〔D〕4.
Now go through TEXT K quickly and answer the questions.
We all enjoy a little extra-special every now and then, whether it's a prime table at our favourite restaurant or an upgrade on that long flight across the Pacific. Being recognized makes us feel valued-and we re more likely to do business with someone who takes the time to go that extra mile. E-commerce sites know this, and they re doing everything they can to create personalized environments so we'll want to spend money online. How? By employing cookies.
Cookies are bits of data stored on your computer s hard drive when you visit a website. They can only be read by the site that sets them. Companies use them to store information about you and to track your behaviour on a particular website and, of course, your shopping habits.
Cookies help companies personalize their websites. This is how an online bookstore knows you're you, or how a news website knows to show you headlines from your hometown. Retailers use cookies to promote products they think you might like or to target ads that you might find appealing. Cookies also record user IDs and passwords so you don't have to log in each time you visit a site.
Cookies, however, have a darker side too, and all kinds of privacy issues lurk at every bend. On their own, cookies are generally harmless, if mildly intrusive. One potential problem, though, crops up when you enter personal information on a survey. This can be easily linked up with cookies about your surfing habit and the website knows pretty much everything there is to know about you. Often this information is used simply to show you an advertisement for a product you might want to buy. But privacy advocates worry that this information could be misused.
Here's what you can do as an online shopper to protect your privacy:
Accept only cookies that get sent back to the originating server. But Microsoft Explorer and Netscape Communicator offer this option.
Shop only with sites that post online privacy policies.
Be careful about what sort of information you give out in surveys.
Set up a secondary profile using an anonymous e-mail account and bogus ID. It s clandestine, but you'll surf with greater anonymity. Of course, when you actually want to buy something you'll have to give out your real name and address.
PART ⅣTRANSLATION ［60 min］
SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH
Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.
大自然對人的恩賜, 無論貧富, 一律平等。所以人們對于大自然全部一致并深深地依賴著。尤其在鄉間, 上千年來人們一直以不變的方式生活著:種植莊稼和葡萄, 釀酒和飲酒, 喂牛和擠奶, 鋤草和栽花; 在周末去教堂祈禱和做禮拜, 在節日到廣場拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。往日的田園依舊是今日的溫馨家園。這樣, 每個地方都有自己的傳說, 風俗也就衍傳了下來。
SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE
Translate the following underlined part of the text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.
The word "winner" and "loser" have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.
Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and don t pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them.
Winners do not play "helpless", nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives.
PART ⅤWRITING ［60 min］
All of us would agree that in order to be successful in the present-day society, we university graduates have to possess certain personal qualities that can enable us to realize our aim. What do you think is the most important personal quality of a university graduate? Write a composition of about 300 words on the following topic:
THE MOST IMPORTANT PERSONAL QUALITY OF A UNIVERSITY STUDENT
In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.
參考答案
PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A TALK
The first area in American urban history extended from the early17th cent ury to about 1840. Throughout those years the total urban214 population remained sm all and so with the cities. At the first federalcensus in 1790, city dwellers made up nearly 5.1% of the totalpopulation and only two places had more than 25 ,000 inhabitants. Fifty years later only 10.8% of the national population fell i nto the urban category and only one city, New York, contained more than 250,000 people. Largely because of the unsophisticated modes of transportation, even the more populous places in the early 19th century remained small enough that peop le could easily walk from one end of the city to the other in those days.
Though smaller in modern standards these walking cities, as it were, perfor med a variety of functions in those days. One was economic. Throughout the pre-mod ern era, this part of urban life remained so overwhelmingly commercial that almo st every city owed its development to trade. Yet city dwellers concerned themsel ves not only with promoting agricultural activities in their own areas, they als o collected and processed goods from these areas and distributed them
to other c ities. From the beginning line and increasingly in the 18th and early 19th centu ries, cities served as centres of both commerce and simple manufacturing.
Apart from the economical functions, the early cities also had important no n-economic functions to play. Since libraries, museums, schools and colleges wer e built and needed people to go there to visitor to study, cities and the large early towns with their concentration of population tended to serve as centres o feducational activities and as places from which information was spread to th e countryside. In addition, the town with people of different occupational, ethn icracial and religious affiliations became focuses of formal and informal organi zations which were set up to foster the security and to promote the interests an d influence of each group. In those days the
pre-industrial city in America func tioned as a complex and varied organizing element in American life, not as a sim ple, heterogeneous and sturdy union. The variety of these early cities was reinforced by the nature of their loc ation and by the process of town spreading. Throughout the pre-industrial period of American history, the city occupied sites on the eastern portion of the the largely under-developed continent, and settlement on the countryside generally followed the expansion of towns in that region. The various interest groups in e ach city tended to compete with their counterparts in other cities for economic, social 215 and political control first nearby and later more distant and larger are as. And always there remained the underdeveloped regions to be developed through the establishment of new towns by individuals and groups. These individuals and groups sought economic opportunities or looked for a better social, political o r religious atmosphere. In this sense, the cities better developed a succession of urban frontiers.
While this kind of circumstance made Americans one o f the most prolific and self-conscious city-building peoples of their time, it d id not retard the steadily urbanizing society in the sense that decade by decade an ever larger proportion of the people lived in cities.
In 1680 an estimated 9 to 10 percent of American colonists lived in urban s ettlements. A century later, that was the end of the 18th century, though 24 pla ces had 2500 persons or more, city dwellers accounted for only 5.1% of the total population. For the next thirty years, the proportion remained relatively stabl e and it was not until 1830 that the urban figure moved back up to the level of 1690. In short, as the number of cities increased after 1680, they sent large num bers of people into the countryside and their ratainers. Nonetheless the continuous movement of people into and out of the cities made life in the many but relativ ely small places lively and stimulating.
SECTION B INTERVIEW
M: I’m talking to Janet Holmes who has spent many years negotiatingfo r several well-known national and multi-national companies. Hello,Janet.
W: Hello.
M：Now Janet, you’ve experienced and observed the negotiationstrategies used by people from different countries and speakers ofdifferent languages. So befor e we comment on the differences, couldI ask you to comment, first of all, on what such encounters have incommon?
W：OK, well, I’m just going to focus on the situations where peopleare speakin g English in international business situations.
M: I see. Now, not every one speaks to the same degree of proficiency. Maybe tha t affects the situation.
W: Yes, perhaps. But that is not always so significant. Well, because,I mean, n egotiations between business partners from different216countries normally mean we have negotiations between individuals whobelong to distinct cultural traditions
M: Oh, I see.
W: Well, every individual has a different way of performing varioustasks in eve ryday life.
M: Yes, but, but isn’t it the case that in the business negotiation,they must c ome together and work together to a certain extent. I mean,doesn’t that level up the style of, the style of differences or somewhat?
W: Oh, I am not so sure. I mean there’re people in the so-called Western World w ho say that in the course of the past 30 or 40 years, there are a lot of things that have changed a great deal globally, and that as a consequence, national differences had diminished, giving way to some sort of international Amer icanized style.
M: Yeah, I’ve heard that. Now some people say this Americanized style has acted as a model for local patterns.
W: Maybe it has, maybe it hasn’t. Because on the one hand, there does appear to be a fairly unified even uniform style of doing business with certain basic pri nciples and preferences, you know, like “time is money”, that sort of thing. B ut at the same time, it is very important to remember the way all retain aspects of national characteristics. But it is the actual behaviour that we will talk a bout here. We shouldn’t be too quick to generalize that to national characteris tic and stylistic type. It doesn’t help much.
M: Yeah. You mentioned Americanized style. What is particular about American st yle of business bargaining or negotiating?
W: Well, I’ve noticed that, for example, when Americans negotiate with people f rom Brazil, the American negotiators make their points in a direct, sophistical way.
M: I see.
W: While Brazilians make their points in a more indirect way.
M: How?
W: Let me give you an example. Brazilian importers look at people they’re talki n g to straight in the eyes a lot. They spend time on what some people thinks to b e background information. They seem to be more indirect.
M: Then, what about the American negotiators?
W: American style of negotiating, on the other hand, is far more like that of po int-making; first point, second point, third point, and so 217 on. Now of course, th is isn’t the only way in which one can negotiate and there’s absolutely no reason why t his should be considered as the best way to negotiate.
M: Right. Americans seem to have a different style, say, even from the British, do n’t they?
W: Exactly, which just show how careful you must be about generalizing.I mean, how about asking you explain how the American negotiators are seen as informal, and so metimes much too open. For British eyes,Americans are too direct even blunt.
M: Is that so?
W: Yeah, at the same time, the British too. German negotiators canappear direc t and uncompromising in the negotiations, and yet if youexperience Germans and Americans negotiating together, it often is the Americans who are too blunt for the German negotiators.
M: Fascinating! So people from different European countries usedifferent styles , don’t they?
W: That’s right.
M: OK. So what about the Japanese then? I mean, is their style different from th e Americans and Europeans?
W: Oh, well, yes, of course. Many Europeans nod its extreme politenessof their Japanese counterpart, the way they avoid giving the slightest defense, you know. They’re also very reserved to people they don’t know well. At the first meeti ng s American colleagues have difficulties in finding the right approach sometimes. But then when you meet the Japanese negotiators again, this initial impression tends to disappear. But it is perhaps true to say the average Japanese business person does choose his or her words really very carefully.
M: So can we say that whatever nationalities you are dealing with, you need to r emember that different nationalities negotiate in different ways?
W: Well it’s perhaps more helpful to bear in mind that different people behave i n negotiating in different ways. And you shouldn’t assume that everyone will be have in the same way that you do.
M: Right. It is definitely a very useful tip for our businessman who often negot iate with their overseas partners, OK, Janet, thank you very much for talking wi th us.
W: Pleasure.
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
News Item 1(For Question 11)
The first International Tibetan Traditional Medicine Conference will be hel d July 15th to 17th in Lasa, capital city of Tibet autonomous region. China’s E thnic Medicine Institute, Tibetan Bureau and Tibetan Medical College will co-hos t the conference. The conference has received more than 500 research papers from China and abroad. The organizing committee primarily selected 290 articles to be discussed at the conference. More than 50 foreign guests from the United States,
Russia, Britain, India, Germany, France, Italy and Nepal will attend the meeting . The China mainland has sent a delegation consisting of 250 Tibetan medicine expe rts to the conference.
News Item 2(For Questions 12-13) The government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region was actively adopting information technology and building an electronic government, a senior Hong Kong official said yesterday. This is an integral part of Hong Kong’s Digi t al 21 Strategy formulated in 1998 to make Hong Kong both a regional and world-wi de internet centre, said Carrion, secretary for information technology and broad casting. She outlined three policy objectives in developing an E-government in Hong Kong at the IBM Asian E-government Executive Seminar. The first policy objec tive is to develop an electronic and peopleless government so as to improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness and quality of public service. The second is to p romote the wide adoption of E-commence with the government setting a leading exa mple. The third
is, through the E-government program, to integrate service delivery across motorable departments and agencies.
News Item 3(For Questions 14-15)
Canadian Olympic 100-meter champion Donovan Bailey showed he was on his w ay back to top form on Tuesday by winning the 100-meters at the athletic mee ting in Switzerland in the time of 9.98 seconds.Despite unfavorable windy co nditions, Bailey recorded the second besttime of the year short of the 9. 91 se t by double world champion MorisGreene of the United States on May 13th in Noso ka, Japan. “I wouldhave run 9. 80 if I’d really pushed myself. ” said Bailey , 1 996
Olympic and 1995 world champion. The Canadian has been fighting forform since before the Sidney Olympics, following a long-term injurywhich resulted in a disappo inting series of starts in the season.
SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING
Study Activities in University Good morning, today we’ll look at some study activities carried out in universi t y. As we know, students in colleges or universities are expected to master some academic materials that are fairly difficult to understand. However, some of the m find it hard to learn some complex, abstract or unfamiliar subject matters. As a result, acentral problem in higher education is how to internalize academic nowledge, that is how to make knowledge your own. In order to do so we must conv ert knowledge from being other’s knowledge to being part
of our own way of thin k ing. Then how are we going to do it? What’s the means available to help us in t h e process of learning? There are four key study activities currently used in hig her education to encourage students to internalize knowledge. They are the ones we are familiar with: writing essays, going to classes and seminars, having indi vidual tutorials and listening to lectures. The four activities are long-establi shed features of our higher education, and they are as important now as they wer e a hundred years ago. Now let’s look at the features of them one by one. First, essay writing. The central focus of university work, especially in h umanities, for example in literature, history or politics, is on students’ prod u cing regular essays or papers which summarize and express their personal underst anding of the topic. Then what is good about essay writing? Firstly, writing ess ays forces you to select what you find interesting in books and journals and to express your understanding in the coherent form. Individual written work also pr ovides teachers with the best available guide to how you are progressing in the s ubject, and allows them to give advice on how to develop your strengths or counteract your weaknesses. Lastly, ofcourse, individual written work is still the b asis of almost allassessment in higher education. Written assignments familiari ze youwith the form your exams will take.The second key activity in colleges and universities is seminar and class discussions. Their role is to help you to internalize academic knowledge by pro viding such contexts so that you can talk about such difficult problems as the treatment of inflation and the unemployment in economic policy or the use of the metaphors in Shakespeare’s plays. Talking is more active than written work. In conversation you know immediately how effective you are in expressing your point and can modify what you are saying in response to people’s reaction s . In addition，a normal program of between 10 to 25 classes covers far more topic s than one subject. Then you can hope to manage your written work. Participating in flexible conversations across this range of issues also allows you to practi se using the broader knowledge gained from other key activities such as lectures Now let’s take a look at another activity, individual tutorials. Discussi o ns between the teacher and one or two students are used in many colleges as a su bstitute for or supplement to group discussion in classes like those mentioned b efore. Tutorials can range from direct explanation by teachers and are subject to flexible conversational sessions which at their best are very effective in stimulating students’ mastery of a body of knowledge. The one-to-one quality of the pe r sonal interaction is very important in stimulating acceptance of ideas and produ cing fruitful interaction. In order to make individual tutorial really work, st udents should make good preparation beforehand, and during the tutorial they als o should ask questions to keep the ball rolling rather than let the teachers talk the vacuum.
The last activity is lectures. As we all know, lectures play a large part o f most students’ timetable and occupy considerable proportion of teachers’ eff or ts. However the major difficulty with lectures is that they are not interactive like discussions or tutorials. The lecturer normally talks for the whole time wi th minimal feed-back from questions. The science and making notes and the lecture while-con centrating on the argument being developed is often difficult to some students, especially when the argument is very complicated. We have said that lectures are clearly valuable in several specific ways. Theycan provide a useful overview i n every map, as it were, to familiarize you with the mainland features to be enc ountered during the course.
Lectures typically give much more accessible descrip tions of theoretical perspectives in their oral presentations than can be foundin the academic literature. Whenever there is a rapid pace of progress221in theory or practice, lectures play an indispensable part in letting students know the d evelopment immediately, usually several year before the new material is include d in textbooks. Lastly lectures areoften very useful in allowing you to see dir ectly how exponents ofdifferent views build up their arguments. The cues provid ed by someonetalking in person may seem irrelevant, but these cues are i mportantaids to understanding the subject matter better later. So far we’vediscussed four study activities and their respective features and rolesin higher education. Of course study activities are not limited to just these four types. They’re other activities that are equallyimportant, such, a s general reading, project learning, etc. We willcover them during our next lecture.
1-5 BADCD
6-10 BDACB
11-15 BCDCD
答案與詳解
1.答案：and→while
【詳細解答】前半句意為“發音是在無意識之中學成的”，后半句意為“拼寫是有意識地學成的”，它們之間是轉折而不是并列關系，故應該用連詞while來連接。
2.答案：with→of
【詳細解答】be unconscious of是固定搭配，意為“無意識地，未意識到”。即“我們之中很多人一輩子都不知道自己的話聽起來是什么樣的”。
3.答案：speak∧→out
【詳細解答】speak out意為“大膽地說出”，在這里句意不通。在speak out中加上it，指代前面的speech，意為“當我們說出話后，自己聽起來像什么”。
4.答案：firstly→first
【詳細解答】firstly表示順序中的“第一”，first則表示時間上的“第一次，首次”。這里是說“當我們第一次聽到自己的錄音時，通常會震驚”。故應將firstly改為first才合乎句意。
5.答案：which→that
【詳細解答】在定語從句中，如果先行詞是代詞something，everything，nothing，little，few等時，關系詞應用that而不是which，故此處應將which改為that。
6.答案：went→go
【詳細解答】本文通篇用的都是一般現在時，所以此處也應用一般現在時，使上下文保持時態一致。
7.答案：per或every
【詳細解答】per和every都是“每”的意思，在此屬重復錯誤，故將兩者去掉一個即可。
8.答案：This→It
【詳細解答】根據句子結構，句中缺少一形式主語，而作形式主語的只能是代詞it，this是“這”的意思，不能用做形式主語，所以應將this改為it。
9.答案：community∧→together
【詳細解答】hold意為“抓住，占據，包含”。此處想表達的意思是“語言用作使社區具有凝聚力、給人歸屬感的一種方式”，用hold a community不能表達此意；hold sth．together表示“使結合在一起不破，使團結一致”的意思，符合句意。
10.答案：far→away
【詳細解答】要表達距離上的遠近，在英語中通常用副詞away。far表示“遠，從（到）很遠距離”，不合句意。
翻譯
（參考譯文） Equal are the generous gifts granted/distributed (endowed) by Nature to (on) all human individuals, whether they are wealthy or impoverished (be they wealthy or impoverished). Therefore, all human individuals have become unanimously and profoundly indebted to (obliged to, attached to, dependent on) Nature. This is particularly true in rural areas where ways of life have remained intact and unchanged for people for thousands of years-sowing crops and grapes, brewing and drinking wines, grazing and milking cows, hoeing grasses and planting flower-trees, going to churches for religious prayers and services on weekends, playing musical instruments, dancing and singing on squares. The fields in former times are still their present-day homes glowing with human warmth. In such a way, each locality has evolved its own unique folk tales and has transmitted its distinctive habits and customs.
（參考譯文）"勝者"與"敗者"這兩個字眼含有眾多的意思。當我們將某人稱作勝者時，我們并非指他是一個致使他人一敗涂地的人。對我們來說，勝者乃這樣一位君子，他無論是作為一個個人抑或是作為社會的一份子，一切反應均能由衷而發，做到誠信，可靠，樂善好施，且絕不偽善。 勝者不會窮其畢生之精力，去拘泥于某個他們所想象的為人之道；相反，他們會保持其真我本色，并且，作為這種追求真我的仁者，他們不會耗費精力來裝腔作勢，維持一種自命不凡的姿態，或去操縱他人。他們深知，在愛戴他人和裝作愛戴他人之間，在愚頑不化和大智若愚之間，在學識淵博和佯裝學富五車之間，實質上存在著天壤之別。勝者斷無必要去藏匿于面具背后。 勝者無畏于獨立的思維和運用其自己的知識。他們能夠在事實與輿論之間明辨是非，不會僭稱自己無所不曉。他們會傾聽他人的見解，對他人所言作出鑒別，而最終所得出的卻是其自己的結論。雖然勝者可能會欽佩并敬重他人，但他們不會受制于他人，懼悚于他人，為他人所囿，或被他人所摧垮。 勝者絕不耍"凄慘無助"之把戲，也決不玩"委過于人" 之游戲。相反，他們會毅然肩負起對自身人生的責任（忍辱負重，無怨亦無悔）。
（責任編輯：liushengbao）
