在上一篇論文中,筆者重點從考試形式方面討論了雅思和新托福寫作部分考試中議論文在考試形式上的異同點。在本文中,筆者將轉換視角,從兩者對于文章的寫作內容的要求上進行深入的總結和分析。
關鍵字: 話題種類、話題范圍和指令體裁
雅思考試和新托福考試在話題種類上比較相似:他們都要求考生對一個特定的社會現象或事物發表自己的觀點和加以論證。并且,話題都涉及教育、科技、文化、社會、環境等等諸多范圍。下面的表格將呈現出這一特點。
雅思議論文 |
新托福議論文 | |
教育類 |
Some people think that teachers should be responsible for teaching students to judge what is right and wrong so that they can behave well. Others say that teachers should only teach students academic subjects. Discuss both views and give your opinion. |
Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer. ( Topic 14 from 185 TOEFL topics) |
科技類 |
There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones? |
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology has made the world a better place to live. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. ( Topic 82 from 185 TOEFL topics) |
文化類 |
Some people think museums should be enjoyable places to attract and entertain young people, while others think the purpose of museums should be to educate, not entertain. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. |
If you were asked to send one thing representing your country to an international exhibition, what would you choose? Why? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice. ( Topic 98 from 185 TOEFL topics) |
|
Housing shortage in big cities can cause severe social consequences. Some people think only government action can solve this problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree? |
Every generation of people is different in important ways. How is your generation different from your parents’ generation? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer. ( Topic 174 from 185 TOEFL topics) |
環境類 |
Some people believe that air travel should be restricted because it causes serious pollution and uses up the world's fuel resources. To what extent do you agree or disagree? |
Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed(damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. ( Topic 29 from 185 TOEFL topics) |
除了以上5個主流話題類別以外,雅思和新托福的議論文話題范圍還可能涉及到生活方式、個人喜好、金錢等等方面。總而言之,對于議論的話題,這兩種考試都是不拘一格,可能涉及到生活、學習、工作的方方面面的。因此,無論是準備其中哪一種考試的考生,都需要對話題寫作所需要用到的詞匯和觀點進行充分的擴充和準備,擴大自己平時的閱讀量。
從話題范圍來說,雅思和新托福的區別比較明顯。雖然從1989年就開始了雅思考試,而且它進入中國市場也有將近10載,但是官方從來沒有公布過雅思議論文話題的題庫。在中國大陸培訓市場上所流傳的題庫多是經由考生回憶,考生或者老師整理起來的。雖然在二、三年前,雅思議論文曾經出現過重復考題現象較多的情況,但是隨著2006年5月取消了原來的90天考試限制,雅思的試題研發力度加大,新的雅思議論文話題層出不窮。新托福考試的議論文則部分沿用了原來的老托福的題庫。舊托福時代的作文題目是公開的,一共有185題。新托福考試采用了網考的形式后仍然有相當數量的考題沿用了185題庫中的原題,或者稍作修改。
雅思議論文題目的范圍雖然大,但是它的出題指令卻是相對而言比較簡單的。雅思議論文的主流出題指令是出現在主題后,并有以下4種:
1. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (雙邊/單邊)
2. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (雙邊)
3. Do you agree or disagree? (單邊/雙邊)
4. Analyze the reasons to the problem and give some solutions. (問題解決)
從以上指令可以看出,雅思議論文寫作的題材基本為單邊支持,雙邊中立和問題解決三種。
而同樣的寫作體裁,在托福文章中的指令出現的位置和使用的語言卻會發生變化。以下是新托福議論文寫作不同的指令以及相對應的體裁。
1.同意/不同意
這類題目通常會含有 “ Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?” 的指令。要求讓考生對特定的一件事情選擇贊成或不贊成的觀點并進行論證。題號有:
2,8,10,23,27,28,34,37,38,39,40,41,49,53,54,55,58,60,61,63,66,68,
72,74,76,77,81,82,83,88,94,97,99,102,119,120,122,123,125,126,131,133,
134,136,137,148,150,153,162,173,175
2.二選一
這類題目通常會含有 “ Some people think……, others think……. Which do you prefer?”的指令。要求學生在兩個不同觀點或事件中選取其中一點進行支持并論證。題號有:
4,9,11,13,14,17,19,20,29,31,32,33,35,44,45,47,50,51,56,57,64,65,67,
71,73,75,78,92,95,100,101,104,105,107,108,109,110,111,112,114,115,117,
118,121,124,127,128,129,135,138,140,143,144,145,146,157,158,160,163,167,
177,181,184,185
3.多選一
這類題目通常給出或者隱含有較多可供選擇的選項。要求考生選取其中一項進行論證。題號有:
6,36,42,62,69,79,87,89,90,91,98,106,116,132,141,142,151,152,155,156,
159,165,171,176
4.分析題
這類題目的指令通常不固定。要求考生對特定的話題進行分析和論證。題號有: 3,7,15,18,22,46,48,52,80,93,96,103,147,164,166,172,174,178,179,183
5.原因說明
這類題目要求考生寫出導致某一個特定現象的原因。指令中通常包括 “Why……?”。題號有:
1,12,21,43,161,168,169,170,180
6.優缺點
這類題目通常指令不固定。要求考生寫出特定的一件事情的優點和缺點。題號有: 5,24,84,70,113,130,154,182
7.假設
這類題目的指令通常含有 “If……”或者 “Imagine……”。 要求考生對一件沒有發生事情進行想象并且論證。題號有:16,25,26,30,85,86,149。
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(責任編輯:中大編輯)