二、 定 語 從 句

(一) 知識概要

定語從句并不屬于中考范圍，但由于作者在多年的教學中體會到，這一語法現象影響了許多學生自學英語。這些學生一般是成績較好的學生，想進行大量閱讀來提高 自己的英語水平，但總是碰到一些問題，百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只限于初中水平，無法提高，但各種補習班又都是為一些水平較差的學生開設的，所以又投 師無門。為了解決這部分學生的學習困難，也為那些有志青年鋪平學習上的道路，特用這一節講述定語從句，不是從語法上講述，而是從閱讀理解方面去講述。可供 同學們在學習時參考。這會對你的英語學習起到事半功倍的作用。　對于形容詞我們已十分熟悉了，如： a good book， 形容詞 good 用來修飾書 book。 我們也可以用一個句子來修飾名詞，這種句子叫做形容詞性從句，它起修飾名詞的作用，又被叫做定語從句(The attributive clause)。但有一點不同的是這個從句不是像形容詞那樣放于名詞前，而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞，如： Do you know the scientist who gave us the talk this afternoon? 這句中的主句是 Do you know the scientist? (你知道那位科學家嗎?)而 who gave us the talk this afternoon (他今天下午給我們作的報告。)是定語從句。所以這兩句話合為一體即是：你認識今天下午給我們作報告的那位科學家嗎?這里 scientist 叫作先行詞，而 who 叫作定語從句的引導詞。 who 在定語從句中起主語的作用， who 的數與它的先行詞相同。又如： You must do everything that I do 這里先行詞是 everything， 而 that I do 是定語從句，此句應譯為：你必須作我所作的一切。 that 叫作定語從句的引導詞，在句中作 do 的賓語。　引導定語從句的引導詞有關系代詞： that， which， who， whom， whose 和關系副詞 when， where， why， how。不論關系代詞還是關系副詞，都應放于先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯系作用，但它們都要在定語從句中起語法作用，充當一個成份。如關系代詞在定語從句 中不是作主語便是作賓語，而關系副詞則是作狀語。我們先來看關系代詞的用法。①　that 的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。如： A plane is a machine that can fly 這里先行詞是 machine 而 that 是關系代詞，在定語從句中作主語。這句譯為：飛機是一種會飛的機器。又如： I like the book (that) you lent me yesterday 這里先行詞是 book， 關系代詞用 that， 它在定語從句中作 lend (借)的賓語。要注意的是關系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略，即： I like the book you lent me yesterday②　which 關系代詞的先行詞只能是物。它在定語從句中作主語或賓語，如： The book shop is a shop which sells books 這里 shop 是先行詞， which 在從句中作主語。又如： The book (which) I read last night was wonderful 這里主句是 The book was wonderful 而定語從句是修飾主句的主語 book， 即我昨晚讀的那本書，which 在定語從句中作 read 的賓語，可以省略。　③　who， whom， whose who 在定語從句中作主語， whom 是 who 的賓格，在定語從句中作賓語，而 whose 則是形容詞性物主代詞，在從句中作定語，如：The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend 昨天參觀我們學校的人是一位美國朋友。 Who 在定語從句中作主語。又如： Who's that woman (whom) you just talked to ? 你剛才與之談話的那個女人是誰?而 whom 作定語從句中介詞 to 的賓語，可以省略，而在現代英語中，句首的 whom 也常常可用 who代替。　This is our classmate， Mary， whose home is not far from our school 這是我們的同學瑪麗，她的家離我們學校不遠。　為了便于理解，我們來看看是如何將兩句話并為一句話的。

1.　 I saw the man. He closed the door

I saw the man who (that) closed the door

2.　 The girl is happy She won the race

The girl who won the race is happy

3.　 The students are from China They sit in the front row

The students who sit in the front row are from China

(要注意的是先行詞是 students 則 who 的數也應看作復數。)

4.　 We are studying sentences They contain adjective dause

We are studying sentences that (which) contain adjective dause

5.　 The taxi driver was friendly He took me to the airport

The taxi driver who took me to the airport was friendly

6.　 The book was good I read it

The book that I read was good

The book I read was good

7.　 The people were very nice We visited them yesterday

The people we visited yesterday were very nice

8.　 The man called the police His wallet was stolen

The man whose wallet was stolen called the police

9.　 I come from a country Its history goes back thousands of years

I come from a country whose history goes back thousands of years

10.　 I have to call the man I picked up his umbrella after the meeting

I have to call the man whose umbrella I picked up after the meeting

關系代詞 whom， which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間，有時為了關系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫，而將介詞置于定語從句的后面，如：

That was the room in which we had lived for ten years 或可以寫作：

That was the room which we had lived in for ten years

He was the man whom(who) you were looking for 要注意的是此句的關系代詞 whom 可以用主格取代，而 look for 是短語動詞也不可將 for 放于定語從句之前。that 作關系代詞作介詞賓語時，不能緊跟介詞，而只能將介詞置于定語從句的后面。如： The man that we were talking about has come to our school 這時不可用 about that … 請看下面例句：

1.　 The meeting was interesting I went to it

The meeting that I went to was interesting

2.　 The man was very kind I talked to him yesterday

The man who I talked to yesterday was very kind

3.　 I must thank the people I got a present from him

I must thank the people who I got a present from

4.　 The picture was beautiful She was looking at it

The picture that (which) she was looking at was beautiful

5.　 The man is standing over there I told you about him

The man who I told you about is standing over there

除關系代詞外，還有關系副詞， when， where， why， 其中 when用來指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。如： I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall 而 where 則指地點，如： This is the house where the old man lives 請看下面例句：

1.　 The city was beautiful We spent our vacation there

The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful

2.　 That is the restaurant I will meet you there

That is the restaurant where I will meet you

3.　 The town is small I grew up there

The town where I grew up is small

4.　 That is the drawer I keep my newpapers there

That is the drawer where I keep my newspapers

5.　 Monday is the day We will come then

Monday is the day When we will came

6.　 7∶05 is the time My plane arrives then

7∶05 is the time when my plane arrives

7.　 1960 is the year The revolution took place then

1960 is the year when the revolution took place

8.　 July is the month The weather is usually the hottest then

July is the month when the weather is usually the hottest

在定語從句中又可分為兩大類定語從句，即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。

①　限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉的話，主句的意思就不完整，意義就表述不明。這種句型一般定語從句緊接先行詞，如：　I was the only person in my office who was invited

②　非限制性定語從句。它與主句的關系不十分密切，只是對其附加說明，也就是講即便去掉定語從句，句意也不受影響，仍然清晰明了。這樣的定語從句要在它和 主句之間加一逗號分開。且關系代詞不引導這種非限制性定語從句，如： Abraham Lincoln， who led the United States through these years， was shot on April 14，　1865 at a theatre in washington D.　C.　又如：Galileo lived in the city of Pisa， where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high

(二) 正誤辨析

[誤] I won't tell you the name of the person who teach me English

[正] I won't tell you the name of the person who teaches me English

[析] 在定語從句中，關系代詞作主語時，從它本身看不出其數的形式，這時要由它的先行詞決定。這里who 應由 the person 單數決定，應該用單數謂語動詞。又如：I who am a student want to find a spare time job這里的 who 應與 I 是一致的，所以其謂語動詞應該用am。

[誤] We talked about the things and the people who we met during the Second World War

[正] We talked about the things and the people that we met during the Second World War

[析] 這里的關系代詞不要用 who， 因為其先行詞有兩個一個是 things (物)，而另一個是people (人)，這時既不可用 who， 又不可用 which， 因前者只能用于先行詞是人的情況下，而后者則用于先行詞是物的情況下，所以只能用 that， 因為它的先行詞既可以是人又可以是物。

[誤] The book， that I bought yesterday， was very good

[正] The book， which I bought yesterday， was very good

[析] 先行詞與定語從句被逗號分割開來時，即作為非限制性定語從句。在非限制性定語從句中 which， when， who， whom， where， when， whose 等都可以和限制性定語從句中的作用一樣，而獨有 that 不易用于非限制性定語從句。

[誤] The dictionary which I lent it yesterday is a very useful tool

[正] The dictionary which I lent yesterday is a very useful tool

[析] 關系代詞在定語從句中是要起語法作用的，它不是作主語就是作賓語。雖然在作賓語時它的位置由原來的賓語位置移到了句首，但它的作用依然存在，而且在原賓語位置上不能再出現賓語。

[誤] The teacher I want to learn English from is the one which comes from America

[正] The teacher I want to learn English from is the one who comes from America

[析] the one， anyone， those 作代詞并且是指某人、物時，其關系代詞不能用 which 應用 who。

[誤] This is the room in that the old man lives

[正] This is the room in which the old man lives

[正] This is the room which the old man lives in

[正] This is the room that the old man lives in

[析] that 不能緊跟在介詞后作介詞賓語，但如果介詞不前置仍放于句尾，則可用 that 作引導詞，而且可以省略。如： This is the room the old man lives in

[誤] I can do everything which is good for you

[正] I can do everything that is good for you

[析] 在先行詞是 all， much， little， something， everything， anything， nothing， none， the one 等不定代詞時，雖然它們指的是物體，但不要用 which 而用 that 作定語從句的引導詞。

[誤] The only thing which the students can do is studying hard

[正] The only thing that the students can do is studying hard

[析] 在先行詞前有 only， any， few， little， no， all， one of 等詞修飾時，雖然先行詞指的是物，也不要用 which 作關系代詞，而要用 that。

[誤] This is the first American film which I've ever seen

[正] This is the first American film that I've ever seen

[析] 在先行詞是序數詞，或由序數詞修飾時，其關系代詞不可用 which 這樣的用法還有在形容詞最高級修飾的先行詞之后，如： This is the best book that I have ever seen

[誤] He is from Africa, that we can see from the colour of the skin

[正] He is from Africa, as we can see from the colour of the skin

[析] 當 as 或 which 引導非限制性定語從句時，它可能沒有明確的先行詞，它們所指代的是前面整個句子。如例題應譯為他是從非洲來這個事情是可以從其膚色上看出的。

                  本文由北京教師考試網提供

 

 

 

（責任編輯：中大編輯）