Winners and Losers

Why are the biggest winners in the past decade of trade globalization mostly in South and East Asia，whereas the biggest losers are mostly in the．former Soviet bloc(集團)and sub—Saharan Africa? History is a partial guide：East Asia has a long trading tradition，lately reinvigorated(給以新的活力)by the Chinese adoption of market economics．The Soviet Union，on the other hand，was sheltered from free—market forces for more than 70 years．In Africa，some countries are disadvantaged because of inadequate infrastructure(基礎結構)；many countries have little to trade but commodities，the prices of which have fallen in recent years．

In some regions，certain countries have suffered by adopting misguided policies，often under pressure from International Monetary Fund．First among these is Russia．which in the early 1990s tried to embrace capitalism before first building the institutions that make capitalism work，such as an independent bank system，a system of business law, and all adequate method for collecting taxes．Encouraged by the IMF the World Bank and the U．S．Department of the Treasury, President Boris Yeltsin’s regime privatized the state．owned industrial sector, creating a class of oligarchs(寡頭政治集團成員)，who，knowing how unstable conditions were at home．sent their money abroad instead of investing it at home．

In contrast，China，the biggest winner from globalization，did not follow the IMF formula．

Of the former states of the Soviet bloc，only a few，notably Poland and Hungary, managed to grow, which they did by ignoring IMF advice and adopting expansionary plans．including spending more than they collected in taxes．Botswana and Uganda are also Success stories：despite their disadvantages，their countries achieved vigorous growth by creating stable civil societies，liberalizing trade and implementing reforms that ran counter to IMF prescriptions．

16 Japan has a long trading tradition．

A RightB WrongC Not mentioned

17 Russia was wrongly guided by the IMF．

A RightB WrongC Not mentioned

18 All African countries followed the IMF formula．

A RightB WrongC Not mentioned

19 The Soviet Union was a capitalist country．

A RightB WrongC Not mentioned

20 Australia is one of the biggest winners from globalization．

A RightB WrongC Not mentioned

21 China did not take IMF advice．

A RightB WrongC Not mentioned

22 Many high officials in Russia have much benefited from privatization．

A RightB WrongC Not mentioned

答案解析

16．答案為A 這道題的依據是第一段中的一句話：East Asia has a long trading tradition．日本是東亞國家，因而具有悠久的貿易歷史。

17．答案為A 本題的依據可以在第二段的開頭找到，文章說有些國家常常是在有壓力的情況下采取了國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)誤導的政策，俄羅斯就是這些國家中的一個。

18．答案為B 在文章的最后一段提到了一些因為沒有按照IMF的模式去發展而獲得成功的例子，其中提到兩個非洲國家Botswana和Uganda，因而說所有非洲國家都采納IMF模式的說法是不對的。

19．答案為B 第一段里有_．句話：’rhe Soviet Union，lon the other hand。was sheltered fromfree—manet forces for’more than 70 years．70多年不搞市場經濟的國家自然不會是資本主義國家。

20．答案為C 文中沒有提到澳大利亞。

21．答案為A 本題的依據是文章最后一段的第一句話： …，China，the biggest，winner from globalization，did not follow the IMF formula．即中國沒有按照IMF的建議去做。

22．答案為C 在第二段的末尾講到前蘇聯搞私有化的事，但沒有說有高官在私有化過程中受益。

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