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Sleep

We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity1 is of some 7-8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness2. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.

The question is no mere academic one.3 The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness，sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately，it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week； a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 am one week, 8 am to 4 pm the next, and 4 pm to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another4，so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.

One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend5 and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.

The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers6 whose nocturnal wakefulness7 may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts，but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.

詞匯：

alternate 交替，輪換 wakefulness 醒著，不睡

coincide 同時發生;一致, 相符

modify 改變，修改，修飾；緩 和，減輕

automation .自動化 insistently 堅持地，執拗地；迫切地，急切地 reverse 使顛倒,使倒轉 routine 常規，例行公事

revert 恢復，回復

corps 共同工作或活動的一群人；特種部隊，特殊軍種

permanent 永久的，持久的 nocturnal 夜間發生的，夜間 活動的

incidence .發生（率） digestive 消化的，助 消化的

disruption 混亂，分裂，崩演 abnormal 反常的，變態的

occurrence 發生，出現；（偶發性）事件

symptom 表征，征病征， 癥狀

注釋：

1.the normal human daily cycle of activity ：人們每天正常活動的周期

2.the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness:睡目民通常與黑夜時間重疊

3.The question is no mere academic one.這不僅僅是一個簡單的學術問題。，

4.This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another：這就 意味著丨他剛剛習慣了一種方式又不得不改為另一種。此句中的no sooner... than...是倒 裝結構。no sooner +主語助動詞倒裝結構（has he...)的意思是“一……就……”。如:1 had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.我剛到家天就下雨了。可以看出，只有當 no sooner放在句首位置時，“主語-助動詞”這一序列才發生變化。

5.people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend:在周末，按照這些體制工作的人會恢復他們通常的睡眠和清醒的習慣。

6.a corps of permanent night workers:—隊長期上晚班的工人

7.nocturnal wakefulness ：夜間不眠

練習：

1. The question raised in Paragraph 1 is "no mere academic one"

A because Bonjer's findings are different from Brown's.

B because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.

C because some people can change their sleeping habits easily.

D because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.

2.According to the passage, the main problem about night work is that

A people hate the inconvenience of working on night shifts.

B your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routines and back.

C not all industries work at the same hours.

D it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers.

3.According to the passage, the best solution to the problem seems to be

A not to change shifts from one week to the next.

B to make periods on each shift longer.

C to employ people who will always work at night.

D to find ways of selecting people who adapt quickly.

4.In the second paragraph, “ the third" means

A the third week.

B the third shift.

C a third of the time.

D the third routine.

5.In the last sentence of the second paragraph, ”another" means

A another routine.

B another shift.

C another week.

D another person.

答案與題解：

1.D根據上下文，睡眠周期不僅僅是一個學術性的問題。由于工作的需要要求人們改變睡眠 習慣o所以D是答案o

2.B i章的第二段^介紹°了工作三班倒的情況。工人們常常每周變換工作時間，這樣就影響了 他們的正常睡眠周期，所以這是主要的問題所在。

3.C文章最后一段第一句說:The only real solution...(唯一真正解決問題的方法……），之 后提到由一隊長期上夜班的工人來擔負夜班工作，這樣別的工人就可以上正常班，而夜班工 人不用因常變換工作時間來調節自己的睡眠周期。

4.A第二段中的the third根據上下文是the third week。跟形容詞最高級一樣（如：the most beautiful [ woman])，序數詞后面的名詞常可省略。又如:the fourth (day) of May。

5.A another (另一個）之后省略了 routine 一詞。

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（責任編輯：vstara）

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