一、總述
根據從句在句中擔任成分的不同,可將其分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。
名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。引導名詞性從句的關聯詞有:
單純連接詞:that, whether, if (此類連接詞在從句中不充當句法成分)。
疑問代詞:who, whoever, whichever, what, whatever (此類詞在名詞性從句中充當一定的句法成分)。疑問副詞:when, where, why, how (此類副詞在句中充當句法成分)。
二、重點考點
1. 名詞性從句
名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。引導這些名詞性從句的關聯詞包括:從屬連詞that 、if、whether ;連接代詞who 、whoever 、whom 、whomever 、which 、whichever 、what 、whatever 、whose ;連接副詞where 、when 、why 、how 。其中,從屬連詞只起連接作用,在從句中不充當任何句法成分,而連接代詞和連接副詞則既起連接作用,又在從句中充當一定的成分。例如:
That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.
The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party.
I don’t know if he will attend the meeting.
Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?
A. 在含有主語從句的復合句中,為保持句子平衡,常用it 作形式主語,而將真正的主語從句放在句末。例如:It’s well-known that water is indispensable to life.
B. 為保持句子平衡,that 引導的賓語從句也常用it 代替,而將真正的賓語從句置于主句句末。這常常出現在主句有形容詞或分詞作賓語補足語的情況下。例如:
He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.
C. 從屬連詞whether 和if 都作“是否……”解,但if 不可引導主語從句和表語從句。
whether 可與or (not) 連用,而if 不可以。例如:
I don’t know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference.
D. that 和what 引導名詞性從句的區別:that 在從句中不充當成分,而what 在從句
中充當一定的成分,如主語、表語、賓語等。that 可省略,what 則不可省。例如:
He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once.
E. 同位語從句大多由從屬連詞that 引導,常跟在下列名詞后面,如fact、idea 、opinion 、news 、hope 、belief 等。同位語從句一般用來解釋說明這些名詞的具體含義和內容。that 不可省略。例如:
We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.
The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
2. 定語從句
引導定語從句的關聯詞包括:
(1) 關系代詞:that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2) 關系副詞:when, where, why 。關系代詞和關系副詞在定語中都充當一定的句法成分,關系代詞在從句中充當動詞的賓語時,一般可省去。
關系代詞的選用比較復雜,它受下列條件的制約:(1) 先行詞是指人還是指物;(2) 關系代詞在從句中的句法功能;(3) 定語從句是限定性的還是非限定性的。關系代詞的選用情況見下表:
例如:
I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says.
The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy ( 禮貌)。
The watch which (that) was lost has been found.
Here is the material which (that) you need.
You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.
關系副詞的選用相對來說比較簡單。如先行詞為表示時間的名詞,如time 、day 等,則用when ,如先行詞為表示地點的名詞,如place 、house 、area 等,則用where ;如先行詞為reason,則用why 。例如:
I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.
I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that.
A. 當先行詞是all、something, nothing 等不定代詞時;或先行詞前有first、last 、only、few、much 、some 、any、no 等詞修飾時;或先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時,一般只用that 而不用which 來引導定語從句。例如:
I’ve explained everything (that) I can to you.
This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to.
B. 定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句,限定性定語從句與主句關系緊密,是句中不可缺少部分,如去掉,主句意思不完整。非限定性定語從句與主句關系松散,如去掉,主句內容仍完整。在書面語中,非限定性定語從句一般被逗號隔開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that 引導。引導非限定性定語從句的關系詞不可省略。例如:
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The general’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.
C. 先行詞也可以是整個句子。這時,一般用which 或as 來引導定語從句。which 在從句中可充當主語、賓語等,as 在從句中一般只充當主語。which 與as 引導此類定語從句的區別在于:which 只能置于句中或句末,而as 的位置比較靈活,可置于句中、句末,又可置于句首。例如:
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.
He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.
As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十項全能) at that Olympic Games.
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